- They are not mad ...
By: Stefan Anitei, Science Editor
Would you blow yourself up just to "get" 72 virgins? You may not, but others will. Still, do not think that suicide bombers are mad or somehow mentally affected: they can actually be very rational in their pursuit of the 'benefits' of being part of a strict and close-knit religious organization, as found by Dr David Stevens, of the School of Politics and International Relations, of the University of Nottingham.
He discards the common view of suicide bombers as brain-washed religious fanatics, victims of youth and poverty. Religion plays a central role (still there are some instances of non-religiously motivated suicide attacks), but the suicide bomber accomplishes his deeds driven by rational thinking, fueled by the desire to belong to an organization that engenders strength and solidarity from strictness, and asks for total submission from its members for the collective goal. This requires intense commitment and self-sacrifice, and the 'benefits' of self-destruction overcome his own annihilation.
"In this way there is a 'marriage' of violence and religion, via the suicide bomber's participation in the group. Seen in this light, suicide bombing is explicable in terms of rationally motivated actions, and not in terms of theological and/or irrational motives. To gain the collective benefits of participation in a strict group requires self-sacrifice, often of extreme levels. Suicide bombing is just an extension of this self-sacrifice — the ultimate extension. The benefits are perceived to be so great as to justify the action. Fortunately this is so only in extreme instances, under certain
circumstances."
said Stevens.
"But then suicide bombing is in actual fact very rare. Rare, that is, when it is
remembered that extreme religious groups make up only a tiny fraction of religious groups as a whole, and 99.99 % of those groups are in fact peaceable. Statistically, then, finding one or two people willing to make such a sacrifice is incredibly rare. However, given the nature of suicide bombing, it only takes one or two. The attractions of intense solidarity don't only apply to fringe Islamic sects, but also to other extreme religious groups (like Moonies and Branch Davidians)"
, Stevens said.
"Contrary to popular opinion, poverty, isolation and lack of education are not typical features of the bomber profile," signaled Stevens.
One example is Mohammad Sidique Khan – who blew himself up in London on July 7, 2005, killing six people –, a 30-year-old with a young family and a good job in a primary school with special needs children.
Stevens also explained why suicide bombers cannot have psychological problems or be irrational.
"From purely an organizational point of view, working with deranged individuals is extremely hazardous. Terror organizations go to extreme lengths to keep their activities and set-up secret. The costs of discovery are immense for all involved. Under such circumstances, who would want to work with someone completely unpredictable — a maverick, a loose cannon — someone likely to give the game away at any stage through an act of sheer madness? Even terrorists don't want to work with those with a death-wish — you achieve very little that way."
and another article concerning the findings of Dr. David Stevens:
Inside the mind of a suicide bomber
Suicide bombers are not mentally ill or unhinged, but acting rationally in pursuit of the 'benefits' they perceive from being part of a strict and close-knit religious enterprise, according to a University of Nottingham academic.
Research by Dr David Stevens, of the School of Politics and International Relations, suggests that the widely-held view of suicide bombers as brain-washed religious fanatics, vulnerable through youth and poverty, is not an accurate one.
Dr Stevens argues that while religion plays a central role "there are few instances of non-religiously motivated suicide attacks" the suicide bomber is also driven on another level by a rational thought process. This is the desire to be part of a group that engenders strength and solidarity from strictness, and encourages members to submit totally to the collective aims of the group.
Being part of an exclusive group with very strict beliefs requires intense commitment, and engenders a deep belief in shared experience and self-sacrifice, according to a recent paper by Dr Stevens.
Suicide bombers are thus motivated by a "simple cost-benefit analysis", in which the 'benefits' of self-destruction outweigh the cost. The benefits are perceived by the terrorist to be so great " in terms of membership of the group, achievement of collective goals, the promise of benefits in the after-life, and so on" that they outweigh the cost.
In this way there is a 'marriage' of violence and religion, via the suicide bomber's participation in the group, Dr Stevens suggests.
"Seen in this light,suicide bombing is explicable in terms of rationally motivated actions, and not in terms of theological and/or irrational motives," he said. "To gain the collective benefits of participation in a strict group requires self-sacrifice, often of extreme levels."
"Suicide bombing is just an extension of this self-sacrifice, the ultimate extension. The benefits are perceived to be so great as to justify the action. Fortunately this is so only in extreme instances, under certain circumstances."
"But then suicide bombing is in actual fact very rare. Rare, that is, when it is remembered that extreme religious groups make up only a tiny fraction of religious groups as a whole, and 99.99 per cent of those groups are in fact peaceable."
"Statistically, then, finding one or two people willing to make such a sacrifice is incredibly rare. However, given the nature of suicide bombing, it only takes one or two."
The attractions of intense solidarity don't only apply to fringe Islamic sects, but also to other extreme religious groups, Dr Stevens said. Many members of other such groups, from the Moonies to the Branch Davidians, explain their decisions to join, and as importantly to leave, in terms of the costs and benefits of participation rather than in the context of a 'brainwashing' process.
Dr Stevens also argues that contrary to popular opinion, poverty, isolation and lack of education are not typical features of the bomber profile. Mohammad Sidique Khan, for example, who blew himself up in London on July 7, 2005, murdering six people in the process, was a 30-year-old with a young family of his own and a job working in primary schools with special needs children.
Likewise it is a common misconception that suicide bombers are mentally ill or irrational, Dr Stevens argues " because it would make them a liability to the terrorist groups with which they were involved.
He said:
"From purely an organisational point of view, working with deranged individuals is extremely hazardous. Terror organisations go to extreme lengths to keep their activities and set-up secret. The costs of discovery are immense for all involved."
"Under such circumstances, who would want to work with someone completely unpredictable, a maverick, a loose cannon, someone likely to give the game away at anystage through an act of sheer madness? Even terrorists don't want to work with those with a death-wish, you achieve very little that way."
Pertinent Links:
1) What's Really in the Mind of the Suicide Bomber?
2) Inside the mind of a suicide bomber
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